PREFIX - zmiana znaczenia słowa

Słowotwórstwo w języku angielskim.

Słowa można modyfikować na dwa sposoby:
1) Przedrostek - PREFIX - dodając cząstkę na początku wyrazu, czyli po jego lewej stronie
2) Przyrostek - SUFFIX - dodając cząstkę na końcu wyrazu, czyli po jego prawej stronie

Zaczniemy od przedrostków, ponieważ jest ich mniej. Używamy ich po to by zmienić znaczenie danego słowa, najczęściej na takie o przeciwnym znaczeniu:
wife - żona
ex-wife - była żona

Nie musimy używać innego słowa, czy dodawać przeczenia, a jedynie wystarczy kilka liter z przodu wyrazu i od razu zmienia się sens naszej wypowiedzi.

Przedrostki

Na początku przejrzyjcie listę przedrostków - jestem pewna, że z większością z nich się spotkaliście!

anti- = against (przeciwko)
bi- = two (dwa)
co-  = with (z)
counter-  = in the opposite direction (w przeciwnym kierunku)
ex-  = previous, former (poprzedni, dawny)
inter-  = between (pomiędzy)
mis-  = done wrongly or badly (błędnie, źle zrobione)
mono-  = one (jedno)
multi-  = many (wiele)
non-  = not (nie)
out-  = more, better (więcej, lepiej)
over-  = (done) to a great extent (zrobione w dużym zakresie, stopniu)
post-  = after (po)
pre-  = before (przed)
pro-  = in favour of (na korzyść, za czymś)
re-  = again (znowu)
semi-  = half (połowa)
sub-  = under, less (poniżej, mniej)
super-  = big, more (dużo, więcej)
trans-  = (travel) from one side, group to another (przenosić z jednej strony, grupy do drugiej)
tri-  = three (trzy)
under-  = not enough (niewystarczająco)
uni-  = one (jeden)
de-  = opposite meaning (przeciwne znaczenie)
dis-  = opposite meaning (przeciwne znaczenie)
in-  = opposite meaning (przeciwne znaczenie)
non-  = opposite meaning (przeciwne znaczenie)
un-  = opposite meaning (przeciwne znaczenie)
en-  = verb (czasownik)
em-  = verb (czasownik)

Jaki przyimek z którą częścią mowy?

anti, il, in, im, inter, ir, pro, sub, super, trans, un   + adjective (przymiotnik)
anti, co, post, pre, pro, super, trans    + noun (rzeczownik)
dis, mis, over, out, un, under    + verb (czasownik)

Zadania

Powodzenia!

Bardzo ciężko znaleźć w internecie jakiekolwiek zadania z prefixów. Warto przejrzeć Pinterest, tam też znalazłam poniższe zadania.
Zadania dotyczą przyimków zmieniających znaczenie wyrazu na przeciwne.

Zadanie 1

PREFIXES: IM- IN-
Wskazówka!
im- stosujemy przed literami n,m,b,p
in- pozostałe litery

POLITE EXPENSIVE EFFECTIVE SENSITIVE DECISIVE

ATTENTIVE PROBABLE FORMAL ACTIVE SUFFICIENT

PERFECT VALID DESCRIBABLE MORAL POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANT

1. The train tickets didn't cost very much. They were ....................................... .

2. Johnny wasn't paying attention to his teacher. He was .......................................  .

3. It's not possible to learn a new language in just one day. It's .......................................  .

4. My friend always finds it difficult to make decisions. He's very ....................................... .

5. You don't have to wear a suit and tie to the meeting. It will be ....................................... .

6. Don't be ....................................... . Try to be more active and get more exercise.

7. The diamond wasn't perfect. It was ....................................... .

8. People may think you are ....................................... if you forget to say 'thank you'.

9. My son's room was very messy. I can't describe it. It was ....................................... .

10. The medicine, I took, didn't help me. I was ....................................... .

11. It wasn't nice to say that your friend was stupid. It was ....................................... .

12. I can use my driving license in Canada, but it's .......................................  in other countries.

13. The money I have isn't enough to buy a new car. It's ....................................... .

14. Killing another person is usually illegal and ....................................... .

15. The number of mistakes I made was ....................................... . I still got A+ on the exam!

16. I don't believe you saw a space alien. It's possible but ....................................... .

Zadanie 2

PREFIX: UN-

COMPLICATED HEALTHY CLEAR BELIEVABLE ANSWERED

ACCEPTABLE KIND FINISHED EMPLOYED USED

AFRAID FURNISHED ABLE COMFORTABLE EXPECTED HAPPY

1. Smoking isn't good for your body. It's very ................................ .

2. The company's annual report is ................................  . I have to finish it by tomorrow.

3. I was ................................ to go to the meeting yesterday because I was sick. I couldn't go.

4. Of course, my teammates were ................................ after we lost the game.

5. We like our math teacher. He makes difficult problems seem easy and ................................ .

6. The new apartment we moved into doesn't have any furniture. It's ................................ .

7. My brother doesn't have a job. He's still ................................  .

8. It snowed yesterday ... and it's still August! It's ................................  !

9. I don't understand how to use this machine. The instructions are ................................  .

10. Ouch! My new shoes are a little to small. They feel ................................  .

11. Sue forgot to answer all the test questions. There were two questions ................................  .

12. The car I bought is new. It's completely ................................ .

13. I don't like Sam. He's not very nice. Sometimes, he can be ................................  .

14. Mikey is only three years old but he is ................................  of the dark.

15. You're always late for work! It's ................................ ! You must come on time!

16. I was quite suprised when our boss gave us a holiday. It was ................................ .

Zadanie 3

PREFIXES: UN- IR- IM- IN- DIS- IL-
Wskazówka!
il- stosujemy przed literą l
ir- przed literą r

I. Make these adjectives negative in meaning.

HONEST SINCERE REGULAR LEGAL POSSIBLE FRIENDLY CAPABLE

PATIENT LOGICAL EXPENSIVE FORMAL LOYAL CORRECT HAPPY

POLITE SENSITIVE PRACTICAL OBEDIENT RESPONSIBLE COMFORTABLE MODEST

II. Write the correct negative adjectives.

1. I suspect he isn't honest. In fact, I think he's quite ........................................... .

2. Sometimes Ann doesn't behave in a responsible manner. She's quite ........................................... .

3. This arrangement isn't strictly legal. Some people would regard it as ........................................... .

4. Nick's not very capable. He's ........................................... of making sound decisions.

5. This scheme isn't very practical. In fact, it's quite ........................................... .

6. It's not possible to do this exercise. I think the numbers are wrong. It seems ...........................................              to do the task.

7. Sarah doesn't like her new school. She doesn't know anyone. She's not happy here. In other words the girl's really ........................................... .

8. Maybe it's not logical, but my mest friend lives in another country. Everybody in my family thinks that it is ........................................... .

9. He was punished for not being obedient. He was very ........................................... to his father.

III. Use this adjectives with negative prefix.

SENSITIVE EXPENSIVE REGULAR FORMAL COMFORTABLE POLITE

FRIENDLY PATIENT SINCERE LOYAL

1. The teacher told his students to learn twenty ........................................... verbs.

2. Mrs. Brown is really ........................................... . She never wants to talk to anyone.

3. Susan has no intention of being ........................................... to his friends.

4. Adam is so ........................................... . He never wants to explain things twice.

5. These window locks are ...........................................  and effective.

6. John said he was sorry, but they were sure that he was ........................................... .

7. It is very ........................................... to tell people you don't like their clothes.

8. These parties are almost always ........................................... there is no dress code.

9. They were sitting in a very ........................................... position.

10. Mr. Black thinks it is very ........................................... of Tom to think he can do just what he likes.

Zadanie 4

I. Complete with corect prefix.

appear -

lucky -

mature - 

obey - 

tidy - 

order - 

obedience - 

personal - 

fashionable - 

measurable - 

valid - 

valuable - 

logical - 

courage - 

usual - 

polite - 

ability - 

resistible - 

pure - 

disciplined - 

engage - 

honest - 

imaginative - 

pleasant - 

perfect - 

II. Choose the correct one.

1. He's an un/in/imfriendly boy.

2. Sarah looks very un/in/imhappy.

3. This topic is il/ir/imrelevant.

4. I dis/in/imagree with you.

5. We'll think about advantages and dis/in/imadvantages of this situation.

6. She is un/in/imfamiliar with such problems.

7.Sue dis/in/illike drinkind tea.

8. John is an un/ir/imeducated man but he is very kind.

9. He's an il/ir/imresponsible man.

10. Susan dis/in/imcovered something interesting. It was un/ir/imbelievable.

11. These papers are dis/in/imcomplete.

12. I'm an dis/in/impatient girl. I feel un/in/imeasy when I wait.

Odpowiedzi:

Zadanie 1

1. inexpensie

2. inattentive

3. impossible

4. indecisive

5. informal

6. inactive

7. imperfect

8. impolite

9. indescribable

10. ineffective

11. immoral

12. invalid

13. insufficient

14. insensitive

15. insignificant

16. improbable

Zadanie 2

1. unhealthy

2. unfinished

3. unable

4. unhappy

5. uncomplicated

6. unfurnished

7. unemployed

8. unbelievable

9. unclear

10. uncomfortable

11. unanswered

12. unused

13. unkind

14. unafraid

15. unacceptable

16. unexpected

Zadanie 3

I 1. dishonest

2. insincere

3. irregular

4. illegal

5. impossible

6. unfriendly

7. incapable

8. impatient

9. illogical

10. inexpensive

11. informal

12. illoyal

13. incorrect

14. unhappy

15. impolite

16. insensitive

17. immodest

18. impractical

19. disobedient

20. uncomfortable

II 1. dishonest

2. irresponsible

3. illegal

4. incapable

5. impractical

6. impossible

7. unhappy

8. illogical

9. disobedient

Zadanie 4
I 1. disappear
2. unlucky
3. immature
4. disobey
5. unitdy
6. disorder
7. disobedience
8. impersonal
9. unfashionable
10. immeasurable
11. invalid
12. invaluable
13. illogical
14. discourage
15. unusual
16. impolite
17. disability
18. irresistible
19. impure
20. undisciplined

21. unengaged
22. dishonest
23. disimaginative
24. unpleasant
25. imperfect

II 1. unfriendly
2. unhappy
3. irrelevant
4. disagree
5. disadvantages
6. ununiformed
7. dislike
8. uneducated
9. irresponsible
10. undiscovered
      unbelievable
11. incomplete
12. impatient
      uneasy